In Southeast Asia, the skies tell a story of power and precision. Imagine Indonesia’s Sukhoi jets roaring through the blue skies, embodying the nation’s formidable aerial might. In Singapore, the Republic of Singapore Air Force showcases sleek F-15s and F-16s, their advanced maneuvers reflecting strategic foresight and technological sophistication. Thailand’s skies are alive with F-16 Fighting Falcons and Saab Gripens, while the inactive HTMS Chakri Naruebet stands ready as a silent guardian. Vietnam’s air force, with its MiG-21 Fishbeds and Su-27s, tells a tale of grit and evolution. The Philippines steadily modernizing fleet with FA-50 Fighting Eagles, enhances its defense infrastructure. Even smaller air forces like those of Laos and Cambodia play crucial roles; the Lao People’s Liberation Army Air Force, with its modest fleet of older aircraft, evolves through joint exercises and international cooperation. Together, these nations ensure the region’s skies remain secure, contributing to a collective strength and vigilance.
Let’s explore this topic.
Indonesia
Indonesia is a formidable force in the global military landscape, ranked 13th out of 145 countries in the Global Firepower Ranking. This high ranking reflects the nation’s extensive and well-maintained military assets, which play a crucial role in regional security and defense. Indonesia’s military strength is substantial, with approximately 400,000 active military personnel and an additional 400,000 in reserve. The land forces are equipped with 314 tanks and 1,444 armored fighting vehicles (AFVs). The artillery units are supported by 80 towed artillery pieces.
The Indonesian Air Force is a critical component of the nation’s defense strategy. The air force has a total of 451 aircraft, including 41 fighter jets. The fleet of fighter jets includes Sukhoi Su-27/30s and F-16 Fighting Falcons, known for their superior performance and combat capabilities. Additionally, the air force operates 152 helicopters, ensuring versatile aerial support. Recent efforts to modernize the air force include the acquisition of 11 Sukhoi Su-35 fighter jets from Russia. The air force’s diverse inventory also includes British Aerospace (BAE) Hawk 200 jets, Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano turboprop trainers/light attack aircraft, and South Korean KAI T-50 Golden Eagle trainers/light attack jets. The helicopter fleet features H225M and 10 H215M medium utility helicopters, Bo 105 light utility helicopters, and a total of 58 transport aircrafts, including C-130 Hercules and CN-295s. Special mission aircraft number 8, and there are 85 training aircraft.
Indonesia’s naval power is equally impressive, with a total of 221 navy ships. This fleet includes 7 frigates, 24 corvettes, and 5 submarines. Indonesia continues to enhance its military capabilities through strategic acquisitions and modernization efforts. The procurement of 11 Sukhoi Su-35 fighter jets from Russia highlights the nation’s commitment to maintaining a cutting-edge air force. This, combined with existing assets from various countries, including the United States, Brazil, and South Korea, positions Indonesia as a key player in regional security.
Vietnam
Vietnam maintains a significant military presence, ranked 22nd out of 145 countries in the Global Firepower Ranking. This reflects Vietnam’s extensive military resources and strategic capabilities. The country has approximately 470,000 active military personnel. The Army is well-equipped, featuring 2029 tanks and 5500 armored vehicles, supported by 2,200 towed artillery pieces, 100 self-propelled artillery units, and 150 multiple launch rocket systems.
In the air, Vietnam operates a total of 226 aircrafts, including 41 fighter jets. The fighter fleet comprises 144 MiG-21 Fishbeds, 38 Su-22 Fitters, 35 Su-27, and Su-35. The air force also includes 99 helicopters, with 60 Mi-8 and 12 Mi-24s. Transport capabilities are enhanced by 30 transport aircraft, including 20 An-26s and 10 C-295s. Training operations are supported by 50 training aircraft, including 12 Yak-130s and 38 L-39 Albatroses. Additionally, the air force has 8 special mission aircraft. Recent modernization efforts focus on acquiring and upgrading advanced aircraft and technology to enhance capabilities.
Vietnam’s naval forces are similarly robust, with a total of 65 navy ships, including 7 frigates, 7 corvettes, and 6 submarines. These assets enable Vietnam to maintain a significant presence in regional waters.
Vietnam’s military strength is characterized by a mix of modern and Soviet-era equipment, with significant contributions from Russian-built aircraft and other military hardware. This combination allows Vietnam to effectively manage its air defense and maintain a strong regional presence. The country continues to modernize its military through strategic acquisitions and upgrades, particularly focusing on enhancing its air and naval capabilities. Leveraging its historical experience and strategic acquisitions, Vietnam maintains a strong defense posture that ensures its prominence in the region.
Thailand
Thailand’s military strength for 2024 is noteworthy. Despite budget constraints limiting the active use of its aircraft carrier, HTMS Chakri Naruebet, which remains largely docked, Thailand maintains a strong military presence. The country has 360,850 active military personnel and an additional 200,000 in reserve.
Thailand’s military inventory is extensive, featuring 501 aircraft, 231 helicopters, 81 navy ships, 648 battle tanks, 14,040 armored vehicles, and 695 towed artillery pieces. The Royal Thai Air Force is a critical component of this strength, operating a diverse fleet of aircraft. This includes F-16 Fighting Falcons, Saab Gripens, and two Saab 340 AEW&C aircraft for advanced warning and control. Other notable aircraft in the inventory include French-German Alpha Jets and F-5E fighters.
Thailand stands out in the ASEAN region as the only nation with both an advanced warning and control system (AWACS) and an aircraft carrier, although the carrier is not actively used. The helicopter fleet comprises 231 units, encompassing both attack and utility helicopters.
Looking ahead, the Royal Thai Air Force plans to procure 12-14 new fighter jets to replace its aging F-16s. Additionally, Thailand has plans to acquire medium-range air defense systems and counter-drone systems, reflecting a continuous effort to upgrade and enhance its operational readiness.
Thailand’s capabilities are highlighted by its advanced warning and control system (AWACS), a unique asset in the ASEAN region.
Singapore
Singapore’s military strength is reflected in its impressive capabilities and advanced technology. The country is ranked 30th out of 145 countries in the Global Firepower Ranking. Singapore allocates $14.76 billion to its defense budget, representing 18% of its total annual expenditure.
The RSAF has a total of 247 aircraft, including 100 fighter jets such as F-15s and F-16s. Although the F-5S Tiger II and A-4 Skyhawks are part of the inventory, the latter are currently in storage. The air force also operates five Gulfstream 550 Airborne Early Warning and Control aircraft, enhancing its situational awareness and response capabilities. Additionally, the RSAF maintains various models of transport aircraft, including the C-130 Hercules, and training aircraft to ensure pilot proficiency.
The helicopter fleet includes 231 units, with 20 AH Apache Longbows providing attack capabilities and various utility helicopters supporting transport and logistical operations.
On the naval front, Singapore’s navy comprises of 55 ships, including six frigates, six corvettes, four submarines, and four mine warfare ships. This diverse fleet allows Singapore to maintain a robust maritime presence and secure its waters effectively. The land forces are equally well-equipped, with 196 tanks, 1,500 armored vehicles, and a range of artillery units, including 24 self-propelled guns, 12 towed artillery pieces, and 18 multiple launch rocket systems.
Singapore’s military personnel includes 51,000 active members and 252,500 reservists, ensuring a well-prepared and responsive force. The RSAF is renowned for its rigorous training programs and regular participation in international exercises.
Looking ahead, the RSAF continues to invest in new technologies and aircraft to maintain its edge. Plans include the acquisition of 12-14 new fighter jets to replace aging F-16s, with contenders like the Lockheed Martin F-16 Block 70/72 and Saab JAS-39 Gripen being considered. Moreover, Singapore plans to acquire medium-range air defense systems and counter-drone systems to increase its defensive capabilities further.
Singapore’s military, characterized by its advanced technology and high level of modernization, plays a crucial role in regional security.
Philippines
The Philippine Air Force (PAF) has been actively modernizing its fleet to enhance its aerial defense capabilities. The fleet now includes several modern aircraft, such as the FA-50PH Fighting Eagle, which was acquired from South Korea and provides multirole capabilities for both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions. Another notable addition is the A-29B Super Tucano, used for close air support and counter-insurgency operations. Additionally, the recent acquisition of T129 ATAK helicopters from Turkey has significantly enhanced the PAF’s close air support and reconnaissance capabilities.
In terms of logistical and transport capabilities, the PAF relies on its fleet of C-130 Hercules aircraft, which are crucial for logistical support, humanitarian missions, and disaster response. The C-295M medium transport aircraft plays a vital role in tactical airlift operations.
For intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions, the PAF utilizes Hermes 450 and 900 UAVs, complemented by ScanEagle UAVs that provide real-time surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities. These unmanned aerial vehicles enhance the PAF’s ability to gather critical information and maintain situational awareness.
The PAF is also developing an integrated air defense system, which includes advanced missile and radar systems for air defense, enhanced command and control systems for effective defense operations, and improved radar and sensor systems for early threat detection.
A key component of the modernization efforts is the PAF’s robust training program, which ensures personnel are well-prepared to operate and maintain the diverse fleet. This program includes both local training and international collaborations, aiming to maintain high levels of readiness and proficiency.
Looking towards the future, the PAF plans to acquire more advanced aircraft and systems to further enhance its operational capabilities. Ongoing modernization efforts reflect the PAF’s commitment to strengthening its defense posture. With a PwrIndx score of 0.4691 and a global ranking of 34th out of 145 countries, the PAF comprises 143,100 active military personnel and 100,000 reserve personnel.
The total number of aircraft in the PAF’s fleet stands at 173, including 12 units of the FA-50PH Fighting Eagle. The F-5 Freedom Fighter aircraft are mostly retired, while attack aircraft like the OV-10 Bronco and transport aircraft such as five C-130 Hercules and three C-295 units are integral to the force. The helicopter fleet includes various units of the Bell UH-1H Huey, 16 Sikorsky S-70i Black Hawks, and several AW109 Power helicopters.
Future acquisitions are expected to further enhance these capabilities, reflecting the PAF’s focus on improving its aerial defense capabilities and maintaining a robust defense posture.
Myanmar
The Myanmar Air Force (MAF) has a diverse and extensive inventory of 292 active aircraft, including fighters, helicopters, transport planes, trainers, and special mission aircraft. This formidable fleet reflects the MAF’s strategic partnerships and commitment to maintaining a versatile air force. The MAF’s fighter fleet is equipped with advanced platforms. The Su-30SME multirole fighters, of which Myanmar has received between 8 to 10 from Russia, are outfitted with cutting-edge avionics, radar, and weapon systems. These aircraft excel in both air superiority and ground attack missions. The fleet also includes 31 MiG-29s, comprising SE, SM, and UB models. Renowned for their agility and speed, these aircraft form a critical component of Myanmar’s air combat capabilities. Additionally, the JF-17 Thunder, with 7 units in service, offers modern avionics and multirole functionality developed through collaboration with China. The fleet is further bolstered by 21 Chinese-made F-7M fighters and 21 A-5C attack aircraft.
In the realm of rotary-wing aircraft, the MAF operates a versatile fleet. The Mi-24 and Mi-17 helicopters, with 9 and 12 units respectively, are employed for both transport and gunship roles, providing valuable support for troop movement and close air support missions. Utility roles are filled by 14 Bell 205 helicopters and 21 Mi-2 helicopters, which support a range of operational needs from logistics to light utility tasks.
The MAF’s transport capabilities are enhanced by several key aircraft. The Y-8, with 5 units, serves tactical transport needs, while the Beech 1900, with 8 units, and the ATR42, with 6 units, are used for utility transport. To ensure a well-trained pilot corps, the MAF employs a mix of trainers. The Yak-130 and K-8, with 18 and 12 units respectively, are used for advanced jet training, preparing pilots for modern combat aircraft. For foundational training, the PC-7 aircraft, numbering 16 units, play a crucial role in developing basic flying skills.
Strategic partnerships with China and Russia have significantly contributed to the MAF’s capabilities, providing access to both advanced and vintage aircraft. These alliances are integral to Myanmar’s defense strategy, enabling the acquisition of sophisticated technology and maintaining a diverse fleet.
Malaysia
The Royal Malaysian Air Force operates a fleet of 125 aircraft, including fighters, helicopters, transport planes, trainers, and special mission aircraft, highlighting its capability to address diverse operational needs. Among the fighter aircraft, the RMAF utilizes the versatile F/A-18D Hornet for both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions, while the advanced Su-30MKM enhances multirole capabilities with state-of-the-art avionics and weapon systems. The MiG-29N/NUB further boosts air combat effectiveness. In the helicopter segment, the EC 725 Caracal is used for search and rescue as well as utility roles, complemented by the S-70A Black Hawk and AW139 for transport and utility missions. Transport capabilities are supported by the A400M Atlas for strategic airlift, the C-130 Hercules for tactical airlift and logistical support, and the CN-235 for medium transport roles. Training needs are met with the Hawk 108/208 for training and light attack roles, and the PC-7 Mk II for foundational flying skills. Special missions are carried out by the CN-235 MSA for maritime surveillance and the Beechcraft Super King Air for various special tasks.
The RMAF is committed to modernization, focusing on upgrading existing aircraft and acquiring new ones to enhance operational capabilities, reflecting a dedication to maintaining a robust and capable fleet. Strategically, the RMAF plays a vital role in Malaysia’s defense, providing air superiority, ground support, and logistical capabilities. Its diverse fleet ensures an effective response to various threats and missions, highlighting the RMAF’s commitment to sustaining a strong defense posture.
Cambodia
Cambodia’s air force operates a diverse fleet of aircraft, including fighters, helicopters, transport planes, trainers, and special mission aircraft, reflecting its strategic focus on enhancing aerial capabilities. The fighter inventory comprises versatile F/A-18D Hornets for air-to-air and air-to-ground missions, advanced Su-30MKMs with superior multirole combat capabilities, and agile MiG-29N/NUB fighters known for their cutting-edge air combat performance. The helicopter fleet includes the EC 725 Caracal for search and rescue and utility roles, the S-70A Black Hawk for transport and utility missions, and the AW139 for various utility functions, enhancing operational flexibility. Transport needs are met by the A400M Atlas for strategic airlift, the C-130 Hercules for tactical airlift and logistical support, and the CN-235 for medium transport roles. For training, the Hawk 108/208 is used for both training and light attack missions, while the PC-7 Mk II develops foundational flying skills for new pilots. Special missions are supported by the CN-235 MSA for maritime surveillance and the Beechcraft Super King Air for reconnaissance and surveillance. Cambodia’s air force is committed to modernization, focusing on upgrading existing aircraft and acquiring new ones to improve operational capabilities, underscoring a dedication to maintaining a robust and capable force.
Laos
As of 2024, the Lao People’s Armed Forces includes approximately 29,100 active personnel and around 100,000 reservists, operating 171 aircraft, including a crucial fleet of 14 helicopters, alongside substantial ground equipment like 551 battle tanks, 1,851 armored vehicles, and 149 towed artillery pieces. Despite a modest budget, the LPAF plays a vital role in national security, focusing on counter-insurgency and border security, bolstered by strengthened military ties with China, exemplified by joint exercises in July 2024. The Lao People’s Liberation Army Air Force (LPLAAF), although small with 17 aircraft including 14 helicopters primarily of Soviet-era and Chinese origin, is essential for defense, focusing on counter-insurgency against Hmong rebels, border security against skirmishes with Thailand, and logistical support. Modernization efforts are ongoing but slow due to budget constraints.
