Recently, the Philippines has taken a decisive step to assert its territorial rights in the South China Sea by preparing to release an updated map that reflects its maritime entitlements in line with the 2016 arbitral ruling and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This new map is a clear response to China’s controversial “10-dash line” map, which claims nearly the entire South China Sea. The updated map will delineate areas such as the Kalayaan Island Group, Scarborough Shoal, Macclesfield Bank, and the Benham Rise—territories that the Philippines has long claimed as its own. Furthermore, the map will define the West Philippine Sea as the country’s 200-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), separating it from the broader South China Sea, and thereby strengthening the Philippines’ sovereignty over these regions.

This move was prompted by the release of China’s updated “10-dash line” map in 2023, which extended China’s territorial claims even further, overlapping with the EEZs of several Southeast Asian nations, including the Philippines. The Philippine government responded swiftly, formally rejecting this new map, which contradicts the 2016 arbitral tribunal ruling that invalidated China’s sweeping claims in the South China Sea. The tribunal had affirmed that certain features in the Spratly Islands fall within the Philippine EEZ. Despite this legal victory, China continues its claims in defiance of international law, leading the Philippines to take a firm stance in defense of its sovereignty. The creation of the updated map is part of a broader diplomatic effort to assert the Philippines’ rights, and it will undergo rigorous vetting to ensure it aligns with international law and the arbitral ruling.

An intriguing aspect of the updated map is the inclusion of Sabah, a territory currently under Malaysia’s control but historically linked to the Philippines through the Sultanate of Sulu. This issue dates back to the 15th century when the Sultanate of Sulu came into possession of the region after assisting Brunei in a civil conflict. In 1878, the Sultan of Sulu leased Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company, a lease that the Philippines argues never amounted to a transfer of sovereignty. After the formation of Malaysia in 1963, which included Sabah, the Philippines formally asserted its claim. Although Malaysia considers the issue settled, interpreting the 1878 agreement as a cession, the Philippines continues to lay claim to the region, albeit without actively pursuing it in recent years.

The maritime confrontation in the South China sea is part of a broader pattern of ongoing tension between China and the Philippines over sovereignty in the South China Sea. Scarborough Shoal has long been a flashpoint, and despite the 2016 arbitral ruling, China has maintained a heavy presence in the area, effectively blocking Philippine vessels from accessing this traditional fishing ground. The Philippines has responded by asserting its territorial claims more forcefully, and in recent months, it has enacted two significant pieces of maritime legislation—the Maritime Zones Act and the Archipelagic Sea Lanes Act—aimed at further strengthening its territorial integrity. In response, China has issued threats of “necessary measures” to protect its sovereignty.

The South China Sea dispute remains a complex and multifaceted issue, involving overlapping claims from multiple nations, including China, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Vietnam, and Indonesia. The region is of immense strategic importance, with vital trade routes that handle over $3 trillion in annual commerce. The United States, a longstanding ally of the Philippines, has warned China against aggressive actions, reaffirming its commitment to the Mutual Defense Treaty with the Philippines. Meanwhile, ASEAN nations find themselves caught between maintaining ties with China, an economic powerhouse, and upholding international law in the face of Beijing’s expanding maritime claims. As tensions escalate, the risk of miscalculation grows, and the future of peace and stability in the region remains uncertain. The Philippines, undeterred, is resolutely moving forward in asserting its sovereignty, with its own new map and standing firm in its diplomatic protests against China’s actions.

Historical Philippine Maps

The 1734 Velarde map, one of the earliest representations of the Philippines, offers significant historical insights into the territorial boundaries during the Spanish Empire. This map is a valuable artifact that reveals the territorial scope claimed by the Spanish colonial authorities, providing a snapshot of the Philippines during that period. The map is particularly noteworthy for its depiction of the islands, which showcases the colonial boundaries in a way that highlights the era’s geopolitical landscape. In 2024, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) initiated the “Landas ng Pagkabansa” (Path of Nationhood) project to honor the nation’s history. As part of this initiative, NHCP will install 43 new historical markers across Luzon, intended to commemorate key events and milestones in the journey to Philippine independence. This project is part of the broader 125th Anniversary of Philippine Independence, celebrated from 2023 to 2026.

The “Landas ng Pagkabansa” project is a pivotal effort to highlight the heroism and sacrifices of Filipinos in the fight for independence, tracing the history from the 1898 declaration of independence in Kawit, Cavite, to the end of the First Philippine Republic in 1901 in Palanan, Isabela. The 43 markers will be installed in key provinces such as Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan, La Union, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, and Ifugao. These markers are not only educational but also serve as reminders of the heroism and sacrifices of local communities and individuals who contributed to the independence movement. Dr. Emmanuel Calairo, NHCP chairperson, emphasized that these markers aim to remind Filipinos of the historical events that shaped their nation and the enduring spirit of their ancestors.

In parallel to this commemoration, the Philippine government is set to release a new map that will reflect the country’s territorial claims, including the West Philippine Sea and Benham Rise, which is now referred to as “Talampas ng Pilipinas.” This updated map, developed by the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), will incorporate the maritime zones and features recognized under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), along with the 2016 arbitral award. According to NAMRIA Director Peter Tiangco, this map will clearly delineate areas where the Philippines has sovereignty and sovereign rights, providing legal clarity and standing up to international scrutiny. The map will also include the exact coordinates of key maritime features and will be published once the rules for the Philippine Maritime Zones Act are finalized.

The release of this updated map coincides with the ongoing tensions in the South China Sea, particularly in the West Philippine Sea, where the Philippines has faced increasing aggression from China. The Philippine government has filed multiple diplomatic protests against China’s actions, including the incidents of Chinese vessels firing of water cannons at Philippine vessels. As of December 2024, the Philippine government has filed 60 protests against China’s aggressive maritime actions this year alone, bringing the total to 193 protests since the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. These protests highlight the Philippines’ strong opposition to China’s expansive claims in the South China Sea, which are largely based on the controversial “New ten-dash line.”

The diplomatic disputes with China have intensified, with China defending its actions as necessary to protect its perceived territorial rights, particularly in the disputed areas such as Scarborough Shoal. In response, the Philippine government has repeatedly condemned these actions, emphasizing that they are illegal under international law, particularly the 1982 UNCLOS. Despite these tensions, the Philippines remains resolute in defending its sovereignty and maritime rights, using both diplomatic channels and legal instruments to assert its position in the ongoing territorial dispute.

Updated Philippine Map to Counter China’s Claims

In 2024, the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) announced plans to release a new and updated official map of the Philippines. This initiative aligns with the 2016 arbitral ruling and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), aiming to assert the Philippines’ maritime entitlements and counter China’s controversial “10-dash line” claim. The updated map will reflect the provisions of the newly enacted Philippine Maritime Zones Act, which clearly defines the country’s maritime zones, including the West Philippine Sea. NAMRIA Administrator Undersecretary Peter Tiangco emphasized that this new map will align with international standards and Philippine constitutional mandates, marking a significant step forward in the nation’s defense of its sovereignty.

The updated map will accurately delineate the Philippines’ exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and continental shelf, ensuring compliance with UNCLOS and highlighting maritime boundaries with precision. This delineation is crucial for promoting environmental protection by identifying and preserving marine ecosystems and biodiversity. Additionally, the map will enhance navigation safety for both commercial and military vessels in the South China Sea by providing clear and reliable maritime charts. Administrator Tiangco noted that the previous map was based on historical agreements like the Treaty of Paris, but the new version reflects modern legal frameworks, particularly UNCLOS and national legislation.

Strategically, the updated map serves as a powerful diplomatic tool to counter China’s expansive claims over the South China Sea, now outlined in its “10-dash line” map. These claims overlap with the exclusive economic zones of the Philippines and other Southeast Asian nations, which have led to tensions in the region. By asserting its maritime rights through an internationally compliant map, the Philippines seeks to strengthen its position in upholding the 2016 arbitral ruling that invalidated China’s excessive territorial claims. Furthermore, the updated map reaffirms the Philippines’ sovereignty over the West Philippine Sea and provides a legal basis for protecting its maritime resources and enforcing territorial boundaries.

The release of the updated map is expected to garner significant international support, reinforcing the Philippines’ stance in global forums and promoting a rules-based maritime order in the Indo-Pacific region. NAMRIA is currently in the final stages of the vetting process, involving consultations with various government agencies to ensure accuracy and consistency with existing laws. While awaiting the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the Philippine Maritime Zones Act, NAMRIA has prepared the delineation of maritime zones and archipelagic sea lanes in compliance with constitutional and international provisions.

Legal Basis and Regional Implications

The National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) announced the forthcoming release of an updated Philippine map that aligns with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the newly enacted Philippine Maritime Zones Act (Republic Act No. 12064). Signed into law by President Ferdinand Marcos Jr., this act defines the geographical extent of the country’s maritime zones, including its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and continental shelf. The new map aims to reinforce the Philippines’ sovereign rights, particularly in disputed areas such as the Kalayaan Island Group, Scarborough Shoal, and the West Philippine Sea, while promoting compliance with international maritime standards.

The updated map is part of a broader strategy to counter China’s contentious “10-dash line” claim, which extends its territorial assertions over most of the South China Sea, overlapping with the EEZs of the Philippines and other neighboring nations. NAMRIA Administrator Peter Tiangco highlighted the “big difference” between the Philippine map, which is rooted in legal frameworks such as UNCLOS, and China’s maps, which lack international legal support. This updated map, once published, will pinpoint the Philippines’ lawful claims and strengthen its position in international discussions regarding maritime disputes.

A key focus of the new map is the promotion of sustainable maritime practices. It highlights areas of environmental importance, reaffirming the Philippines’ commitment to marine biodiversity conservation and the responsible use of marine resources. Additionally, the map provides a clear delineation of maritime boundaries, which is critical for ensuring navigation safety for commercial and military vessels operating in the South China Sea. By establishing precise territorial markers, the map enhances maritime security and supports safe passage for international shipping lanes.

Complementing this initiative, President Marcos also signed the Philippine Archipelagic Sea Lanes Act (Republic Act No. 12065), which outlines designated routes for foreign vessels and aircraft passing through Philippine waters, in accordance with UNCLOS and the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation. Together, these legislative measures support the Philippines’ sovereignty, protect its maritime domain, and establish a rules-based framework for managing its territorial waters.

Significance of the Map

The release of the new Philippine map will mark a historic moment, being the first update since the landmark 2016 arbitral ruling by The Hague, which invalidated China’s sweeping claims in the South China Sea. The map will highlight the Philippines’ sovereign rights and maritime entitlements recognized under international law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Anchored in the Philippine Maritime Zones Act, this legal framework clarifies the country’s maritime domain and provides a basis for asserting its rights in contested waters. Unlike China’s recently revised 10-dash line map, the Philippines’ updated map stands firmly on legal grounds, reinforcing its territorial and maritime claims through globally recognized norms.

A key feature of the updated map is the incorporation of the Philippine Rise (formerly Benham Rise), a 13-million-hectare undersea plateau located 250 kilometers east of northern Luzon. Approved by the United Nations in 2012 as part of the Philippines’ extended continental shelf, the Philippine Rise is rich in marine biodiversity, including coral reefs, algae, and sponges that sustain various fish species. Its potential goes beyond ecology, with vast deposits of methane hydrates and other valuable seabed resources such as cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. These minerals hold promise for the aerospace industry and global energy needs, further emphasizing the region’s strategic and economic significance.

The Philippine government has undertaken extensive scientific initiatives in the Philippine Rise, highlighted by marine expeditions like the 2017 Coordinated National Marine Scientific Research Initiatives and Related Activities (CONMIRA). Research efforts have uncovered its role as the country’s most productive tuna fishing ground and explored opportunities for renewable energy and marine biotechnology. Oceanographers are also studying currents and physical processes to better understand typhoon patterns, benefiting not just the Philippines but the entire region. Amidst maritime disputes in the West Philippine Sea, the Philippine Rise offers a secure area for continued research, illustrating the balance between scientific pursuits and national sovereignty.

The new map also integrates the West Philippine Sea, reflecting the Philippines’ ongoing efforts to counter China’s aggressive actions and reinforce its sovereign rights. President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.’s administration has prioritized these updates as part of broader maritime legislation, including the Philippine Archipelagic Sea Lanes Act. This law establishes regulated routes for foreign military and civilian vessels, ensuring compliance with UNCLOS and the Chicago Convention. By updating its map and implementing robust legal measures, the Philippines not only asserts its territorial integrity but also enhances regional stability in the face of growing tensions in the South China Sea.

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Regional Tensions Over China’s New Map

In 2024, tensions surrounding China’s updated 10-dash line map remain high, with strong protests from India, the Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Taiwan. Released in August 2023, the map asserts expansive territorial claims, including disputed areas in the South China Sea and the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, as well as the Aksai Chin plateau. India, which considers Arunachal Pradesh its territory, was the first to issue a formal protest, with External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar denouncing China’s claims as “absurd.” Other nations have followed suit, rejecting the map’s validity under international law. The Philippines has declared the map “illegal” and cited a 2016 Hague tribunal ruling that invalidated China’s claims. Vietnam and Malaysia have issued similar statements, emphasizing violations of their sovereignty and exclusive economic zones (EEZs). Taiwan, claimed by China as a province, has also reiterated its independent status.

China’s map introduces a tenth dash east of Taiwan, intensifying regional disputes. It reaffirms its territorial claims over nearly all of the South China Sea, encroaching on areas claimed by Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. The map has also raised concerns about China’s intentions regarding Taiwan. The dispute further extends to historical contentions, such as the inclusion of Russia’s Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, despite a 2008 treaty resolving the matter. Analysts view this move as China’s attempt to assert dominance and revive irredentist territorial ambitions.

Military maneuvers and diplomatic posturing have escalated as nations push back against China’s assertions. China’s Coast Guard has intensified patrols in contested waters, leading to confrontations with Philippine vessels and sparking fears of potential conflict. In response, countries like Malaysia and Vietnam have sought clarity and pressed for adherence to international law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). These actions are compounded by the involvement of external powers like the United States, which has criticized China’s claims and pledged support for its regional allies. The Philippines and Vietnam have emphasized the importance of UNCLOS as the basis for resolving disputes and rejected China’s narrative of historical sovereignty.

Critics argue that the map’s timing reflects a calculated move by China to stir debate, ensuring its claims dominate diplomatic discussions. Analysts like James Chin of the University of Tasmania suggest that Beijing’s intent is to maintain its territorial claims at the forefront of regional politics while signaling defiance of the 2016 Hague ruling. This strategy reinforces China’s nationalist rhetoric under President Xi Jinping and highlights its willingness to assert dominance despite international criticism. However, countries like India and the Philippines have countered with public rallies, cultural events, and strong diplomatic protests, while others, such as Vietnam, prefer quieter opposition through Communist Party channels.

Despite widespread criticism, China remains resolute in enforcing its territorial claims. Beijing defends the map as a routine administrative publication, urging other nations to view it “objectively.” However, experts warn that the map risks escalating regional tensions, particularly in the South China Sea, a vital trade route with an estimated $5 trillion in annual trade passing through it. Analysts foresee heightened military encounters and closer interactions between China and U.S.-allied forces operating in the region. While countries like Malaysia, Vietnam, and the Philippines continue to voice opposition, their ability to compel China to alter its stance remains limited. The 10-dash line thus symbolizes China’s broader strategy of territorial assertion and its unyielding approach to regional disputes.

What are the Most Pressing Challenges for the Philippines in 2024?

Tensions between China and the Philippines flared once again following a maritime confrontation near the contested Scarborough Shoal in the South China Sea, further intensifying a long-standing territorial dispute. Both nations offered conflicting accounts of the incident, highlighting the fragile state of relations in one of the world’s most strategic waterways.

The Philippine government accused China of “aggressive actions” after Chinese coast guard vessels reportedly fired water cannons and sideswiped a Philippine fisheries bureau boat that was delivering supplies to Filipino fishermen. Video evidence released by Philippine officials showed a large Chinese vessel approaching the smaller Philippine boat before the collision and the use of water cannons. Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) spokesperson Jay Tarriela labeled the actions as “overkill,” stating that they endangered lives and disrupted legitimate Philippine maritime operations.

The United States condemned China’s actions, with U.S. Ambassador to Manila MaryKay Carlson describing them as “unlawful” and reaffirming the U.S.’s commitment to supporting allies in maintaining a free and open Pacific. The U.S. has increasingly voiced concerns over China’s aggressive maneuvers in the South China Sea, with this latest confrontation drawing swift international attention.

China, however, presented a different narrative. According to the Chinese Coast Guard, four Philippine ships “dangerously approached” its vessels, attempting to enter what Beijing considers its territorial waters around Scarborough Shoal, known in China as Huangyan Island. Coast Guard spokesperson Liu Dejun defended the actions of Chinese vessels as necessary to “exercise control” over what he described as provocative and unsafe maneuvers by the Philippine side.

Liu added that one Philippine vessel ignored repeated warnings, further escalating tensions. “We warn the Philippines to immediately stop infringement, provocation, and propaganda; otherwise, it will bear all consequences,” he said in a statement.

The confrontation comes on the heels of a November diplomatic dispute after China unilaterally declared baseline territorial waters around Scarborough Shoal. This week, Beijing submitted nautical charts to the United Nations reinforcing its claims, which the Philippines has rejected as “baseless” and “illegal.” Alexander Lopez, spokesperson for the Philippines’ National Maritime Council, reiterated the country’s sovereign claim to the area, calling China’s actions part of a broader pattern of aggression, coercion, and intimidation.

“The aggressive posture of Chinese vessels highlights a continuing pattern of disregard for Philippine sovereignty and international law,” Lopez stated during a press briefing. He urged China to exercise self-restraint and respect the 2016 arbitral ruling that invalidated Beijing’s expansive claims under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

Scarborough Shoal has been a flashpoint for years. Although the arbitral tribunal ruled in 2016 that the area is a traditional fishing ground open to multiple nationalities, China has maintained a near-constant presence there, effectively blocking access to Philippine vessels. Tensions escalated further in recent months as Beijing ramped up its activities, including submitting maps that the Philippines insists infringe on its exclusive economic zone.

Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. recently signed two new maritime laws aimed at strengthening the country’s territorial integrity. The Maritime Zones Act and the Archipelagic Sea Lanes Act define the nation’s maritime zones and sea lanes more clearly, a move Beijing has called a provocation. In response, China summoned the Philippine ambassador to Beijing and warned that it would take “necessary measures” to protect its territorial sovereignty.

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China claims nearly the entire South China Sea, a vital maritime route facilitating over $3 trillion in annual trade, with overlapping claims from Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. Despite years of negotiations on a code of conduct for the waterway between China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), disputes persist, with some ASEAN members insisting the code must adhere to UNCLOS principles.

While Beijing asserts that its baseline submissions to the UN are consistent with international law, the Philippines and other claimants have dismissed them as lacking legal merit. “This is not a legitimate exercise of maritime rights but a blatant attempt to expand control,” Lopez said.

The ongoing dispute raises concerns about broader regional stability. The U.S.-Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty, dating back to 1951, could potentially draw Washington into any armed conflict in the South China Sea. Meanwhile, ASEAN nations continue to navigate a delicate balance between maintaining security ties with the U.S. and avoiding provocation with China, a dominant economic power in the region.

This latest confrontation highlights the growing risk of miscalculation in the South China Sea, where competing claims and aggressive posturing by China have created a volatile environment. As diplomatic efforts struggle to keep pace with the rapid escalation of maritime tensions, the future of peace and stability in the region remains uncertain.

Russian Submarine Enters Philippines Exclusive Economic zone(EEZ)

The Philippine military recently took action to monitor a Russian submarine, the Ufa, which passed through the South China Sea off the western coast of the country. According to a security official, the submarine identified itself after the Philippine Navy inquired via radio. The Russian vessel explained that it was heading back to Vladivostok, a city in eastern Russia, after taking part in an exercise with the Malaysian navy.

The Ufa, like all foreign ships, has the right to make “innocent passage” through the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). However, its presence raised concerns when it was spotted about 80 nautical miles off the Philippine province of Mindoro on November 28. The submarine had surfaced due to weather-related conditions, which added to the heightened attention it received.

President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. expressed his concern over the Russian submarine’s presence in the West Philippine Sea, calling the situation “very worrisome.” In a media interview in Marikina City, the President stated that any intrusion into the country’s EEZ or its baselines was a serious matter. He stated that he would allow the military to handle the situation, acknowledging the potential risks posed by the presence of foreign military assets in the region.

The Philippine Navy immediately began tracking the movements of the Ufa, which remained surfaced as it slowly moved outside the country’s territorial waters. The Navy deployed a warship, the BRP Jose Rizal, and an aircraft to monitor the submarine’s passage. The Ufa was identified as a Russian Kilo-class submarine, a diesel-electric attack vessel designed by the Soviet Union in the 1970s. Despite its older design, the Kilo-class submarines have been modernized over the years, with the Ufa being one of the newer models.

The Kilo-class submarines, including the Ufa, remain an important asset to the Russian Navy. The Ufa, commissioned in 2022, is an advanced variant of the Kilo-class, known for its stealth capabilities and armed with Kalibr cruise missiles, capable of striking targets over long distances. The Philippine Navy highlighted the potential security implications of having such a vessel in the region, particularly given its offensive capabilities.

Senate President Pro Tempore Jinggoy Estrada voiced significant concern over the Russian submarine’s presence in the West Philippine Sea. Estrada, who heads the Senate panel on national defense and security, warned that foreign military units with offensive capabilities in the area increase the risk of misunderstandings and conflicts. He called for prompt action from the Department of National Defense (DND), the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), and the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) to clarify the submarine’s intentions.

Estrada expressed alarm that the West Philippine Sea is already a flashpoint for geopolitical tensions and said the presence of foreign military assets could escalate the situation further. He emphasized the need for immediate and coordinated action to prevent potential conflicts and ensure the security of the country’s maritime domain.

The AFP confirmed that the Russian Kilo-class submarine, Ufa 490, was detected 80 nautical miles west of Cape Calavite, Occidental Mindoro. The Philippine Navy quickly deployed its assets to monitor the situation, ensuring that the country’s waters remained secure. The submarine’s ability to launch Kalibr cruise missiles added to the concern, as these weapons are known for their long-range strike capabilities.

The presence of the Russian submarine in the West Philippine Sea highlights the growing complexity of regional security dynamics. It also adds to the already tense geopolitical climate in the South China Sea, where overlapping territorial claims and the presence of various foreign military forces create potential flashpoints.

The incident drew attention not only in the Philippines but also across the broader region, with other countries watching closely. As a major global shipping route, the South China Sea is of strategic importance, and any military activity in the area can raise alarms about regional stability. The event has highlighted the need for vigilance and cooperation among nations to maintain peace and security in these contested waters.

This incident highlights Russia’s increasing naval presence in the Indo-Pacific region. The Ufa’s participation in joint exercises with China and its recent visits to Malaysia and Indonesia are part of a broader strategy to strengthen Russia’s ties in the region. This coincides with the ongoing naval operations of the U.S., adding complexity to the geopolitical situation.

The Ufa’s journey through the West Philippine Sea also comes at a time when tensions between China, the U.S., and other regional players have been intensifying. China’s claims over much of the South China Sea are contested by several countries, including the Philippines. The presence of foreign military forces in these waters can exacerbate these tensions, making the region increasingly volatile.

Philippine officials continue to call for greater international cooperation and dialogue to ensure maritime security in the South China Sea. The incident with the Russian submarine has highlighted the importance of maintaining peace and stability in the region. The Philippine military’s prompt response and monitoring efforts have been crucial in preventing the situation from escalating into a more serious conflict.

Detection of Russian Submarine

On November 28, 2024, the Philippine Navy detected a Russian Kilo-class attack submarine, the Ufa (UFA 490), in the West Philippine Sea. The submarine was spotted about 148 kilometers (80 nautical miles) west of Occidental Mindoro. This rare sighting caught the attention of security experts, as such incidents are uncommon in this area.

The Ufa is a modern Kilo II-class diesel-electric submarine that belongs to the Russian Navy’s Pacific Fleet. Commissioned in 2022, it is one of six submarines in Project 636.3, known for their advanced stealth features. Measuring 74 meters in length, the Ufa has an impressive range of 12,000 kilometers (7,500 miles). It is equipped with Kalibr cruise missiles, which Russia has used in its ongoing conflict in Ukraine.

Upon detecting the submarine, the Philippine Navy quickly responded by deploying assets, including the guided missile frigate BRP Jose Rizal, to monitor its movements. Communication was established with the Russian crew, who explained that they were waiting for better weather conditions before continuing their journey to Vladivostok.

The presence of the Ufa in Philippine waters has raised significant concerns about security and regional stability. President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. described the incident as alarming and stressed the need to address any potential violations of the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Analysts believe that the submarine’s appearance may be a deliberate move by Russia to signal its willingness to support allies and assert its influence in the region.

Initial Sighting and Monitoring

The submarine was identified using advanced surveillance technology, including the ScanEagle Unmanned Aerial System (UAS), which provides valuable intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. This marked a significant moment, showcasing the effectiveness of the Navy’s monitoring systems in identifying foreign vessels in Philippine waters.

In response to the detection, the Philippine Navy deployed the BRP Jose Rizal, a highly capable frigate, to monitor the submarine’s movements closely. The BRP Jose Rizal is equipped with state-of-the-art systems such as the TRS-3D Baseline D radar for tracking air and surface targets, a Harris Model 997 sonar for underwater detection, and the Safran PASEO NS electro-optical tracking system for surveillance and targeting. With its advanced sensors and multi-role capabilities, the frigate is well-suited for operations including coastal patrols and anti-submarine warfare. Its ability to remain at sea for up to 30 days and cover a range of 4,500 nautical miles ensured a sustained and effective monitoring operation.

The Philippine Navy successfully established communication with the Ufa, and the Russian crew indicated that they were waiting for improved weather conditions before continuing their journey to Vladivostok.

This incident highlights the importance of maintaining strong maritime surveillance and defense capabilities. The presence of a foreign submarine in Philippine waters serves as a reminder of the need for constant vigilance to safeguard territorial integrity.

Specifications of the Submarine

The Russian Kilo-class submarine Ufa is a diesel-electric attack submarine that has a displacement of about 3,900 tons and a length of 74 meters (243 feet). It has a beam of 9.9 meters (32 feet 6 inches) and a draft of 6.2 meters (20 feet 4 inches). The submarine is manned by a crew of 52 submariners and is capable of staying at sea for up to 45 days on extended patrols.

In terms of performance, the Ufa can reach a surface speed of 17 knots (31 km/h or 20 mph) and a submerged speed of 20 knots (37 km/h or 23 mph). When operating with a snorkel, the submarine has a range of 7,500 nautical miles (13,900 km or 8,600 miles), and while submerged, it can travel 400 nautical miles (740 km or 460 miles). The Ufa can dive to a depth of up to 300 meters (980 feet), giving it impressive stealth capabilities.

The submarine is equipped with 6 torpedo tubes, each capable of launching 533 mm (21-inch) torpedoes, and it carries a total of 18 torpedoes. Additionally, it is armed with Kalibr-PL cruise missiles and surface-to-air missiles. The Ufa also carries 24 mines and 8 surface-to-air missiles, which can be of the SA-N-8 Gremlin or SA-N-10 Gimlet types.

One of the key features of the Ufa is its advanced stealth technology, which helps to reduce the likelihood of detection. Its propulsion system includes 2 diesel generators, each producing 1000 kW, and a propulsion motor that generates between 5,500 and 6,800 shaft horsepower. For detecting submarines and surface vessels, the Ufa is equipped with the MGK-400EM sonar system, which provides it with superior surveillance capabilities.

Russia Vastness is its Strength

Unusual Movements

Despite its ability to submerge, the Russian Kilo-class submarine Ufa chose to remain surfaced as it moved slowly northward through the West Philippine Sea. This unusual behavior caught the attention of the Philippine Navy, which immediately deployed the BRP Jose Rizal warship and surveillance aircraft to closely monitor the submarine’s movements.

Throughout its passage, the Philippine Navy kept a constant watch on the Ufa, with the BRP Jose Rizal tracking its every move. The Philippine Navy also established communication with the submarine, which explained that it was waiting for better weather conditions before continuing its journey to Vladivostok.

The decision for the Ufa to remain surfaced, despite its advanced stealth technology, raised concerns among analysts who saw it as a potential strategic move by Russia. This could have been a way for Russia to show its presence in the region and signal its readiness to support its allies.

Geopolitical Implications

The presence of the Russian Navy in the South China Sea is probably the part of a larger strategy for its Indo-Pacific deployment. This deployment includes port visits to Malaysia and Indonesia, along with military drills in the disputed waters. The Russian fleet, which features corvettes like the Gromky, Rezky, and Hero of Russia Aldar Tsydenzhapov, has been conducting air defense training and joint exercises with regional navies.

This increased Russian naval activity comes at the same time as U.S. naval operations in the area, such as those involving the USS Abraham Lincoln. The U.S. Navy has been carrying out freedom of navigation operations and joint exercises with its allies to challenge China’s assertive claims in the South China Sea.

The geopolitical effects of these concurrent deployments are significant. Russia’s presence in the region reflects its strategic partnership with China, both of which oppose what they see as “interference by extra-regional forces” in the South China Sea disputes.

This situation has created a complicated and crowded maritime environment, with several powerful nations conducting operations and exercises as it increases the potential for tensions and the risk of miscalculation.

Concerns Over Sovereignty

The South China Sea is a region marked by significant geopolitical tension due to competing sovereignty claims from several countries. China claims almost the entire sea, based on its so-called nine-dash line, which covers about 90% of the area. This claim is disputed by neighbouring nations, including the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Taiwan.

Recently, China has become more assertive in the region, increasing its air and naval patrols around contested areas like the Scarborough Shoal. This move is seen as part of China’s effort to “resolutely defend” its national sovereignty, which has led to frequent confrontations with the Philippines, sometimes resulting in injuries and damage.

In response to these growing tensions, the Philippines has introduced new maritime laws to define its maritime boundaries and establish fixed lanes for foreign ships. Beijing views this as a direct challenge to its claims in the region.

The United States and the Philippines have strengthened their military cooperation by signing a security agreement that includes sharing classified information. This agreement is seen as a step toward countering China’s growing influence in the South China Sea. China has criticized such alliances, seeing them as attempts to form blocs that could increase regional tensions.

The South China Sea holds immense strategic importance, as it is a major shipping route through which about one-third of global trade passes annually. The region is also believed to be rich in natural resources, such as crude oil and natural gas. The control of these resources and the key shipping lanes makes the South China Sea a critical area for both regional and global interests.

Senate Reaction

Senate President Pro Tempore Jinggoy Estrada has voiced serious concerns over the presence of the Russian submarine Ufa in the West Philippine Sea. He pointed out the security risks posed by foreign military assets, especially those with offensive capabilities, operating in such a sensitive region. Estrada warned that such a presence increases the chances of misunderstandings and potential conflicts in an area already fraught with tensions.

He called on the Department of National Defense (DND), the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), and the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) to take immediate action and clarify the intentions behind the submarine’s presence. Estrada emphasized the need for a swift, coordinated response to safeguard the stability and security of the Philippines’ maritime territory.

His statement highlights the importance of staying vigilant and taking proactive steps to protect the country’s waters while ensuring peace and stability in the region.

Geopolitical Tensions

The recent incident involving the Russian submarine Ufa highlights the ongoing geopolitical struggles in the South China Sea, a region that has long been marked by overlapping territorial claims and competing strategic interests. The presence of military forces from countries like China, the United States, and Russia further emphasizes the sensitivity of the area and the potential for conflict.

China claims nearly the entire South China Sea based on the nine-dash line, which overlaps with the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of several Southeast Asian nations, including the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Taiwan, all of which contest China’s claims and assert their own territorial rights. The United States has also become involved by conducting freedom of navigation operations and supporting its allies in the region, aiming to uphold international law and ensure maritime security.

What happens if China, Russia and North Korea join forces against the US Indo-Pacific allies?